Lucy By Jamaica Lucy Analysis - 1282 Words

In the novel Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid, many postcolonial concerns are present within its context. A prominent concern is foreignness and Lucy’s inability to create an identity through her alienated presence. Through the use of stereotyping, Lucy is immediately disappointed in her new home. Lucy theorizes that the world of the colonized and the colonizer are conflicting. The protagonist is â€Å"unhappy,† with her displacement in the colonial stronghold of North America (7). In Lucy, a migrant teenage girl, leaves her home in the West Indies and goes to America. Lucy does this in to discover her own identity and uniqueness. Her struggles for individual liberty and independence mean she must leave her whole family behind, especially her mother,†¦show more content†¦Lucy expresses the turmoil inside of her, describing the drastic differences between them stating â€Å"But nothing could change the fact where she saw beautiful flowers I saw sorrow and bitternessâ₠¬  (28). When upon the train with Mariah and the children, the narrator says â€Å"The other people sitting down to eat dinner all looked like Mariah’s relatives; the people waiting on them all looked like mine† (30). In describing this scene, the narrator shows the line drawn between her and her employer that she constantly is seen as an outsider, simply a â€Å"visitor† in their eyes, and although they may be welcoming, she will always have a different place them then in this world. The author is using setting to help bring these notions and themes to life, the usage of the flowers, snow and train ride also help set the scene of segregation. In â€Å"The Tongue† Lucy’s social class becomes prominent and her treatment as an â€Å"outsider† is showcased. When talking to Dinah, Lucy expresses how she never liked her because she always treated her as lesser than. In their first encounter Dinah asks Lucy if she was from the islands and Lucy always wants to tell her off but instead just thinks, â€Å"And I was going to say it in a voice that I hoped would make her feel like a piece of nothing, which was the way she made me feel inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Jamaica Kincaids Lucy and Edwidge Danticats The Farming of Bones1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthat those with darker skins become the slaves of those with light skin, a period which still affects the populations of the Caribbean to this day. Two important books which deal with immigration and integration of the othered minority are Jamaica Kincaids novel Lucy and Edwidge Dandicats book The Farming of Bones. The two stories explore similar themes: love, pa rental relationships, race identification and prejudice, as well as the conflict between those who survive and how they are haunted by theirRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Praisesong For The Widow By Paule Marshall1475 Words   |  6 Pagesconstantly told how women suffered from sexual assaults and how she must feel about it. Bound to these stories, Ursa was unable to doubt any word of it, as great gram encouraged her in the beginning of the novel. The novel Corregidora provides ample analysis of the descendants of cruelties that black women faced in patriarchal white and racist communities. Ursa being taught that no doubt that her family history was instrumental and purposeful. In light of this, the author tries to cement theRead More4ps-Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program3477 Words   |  14 PagesPantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’S) that has now become its flagship social assistance program to help the poor. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a Modified Conditional Cash Transfer for the poor families in the Philippines. According to Lucy Basset in her discussion paper entitled â€Å"Can Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Play a Greater Role in Reducing Child Undernutrition?, October 2008, Conditional Cash Transfer Conditional Cash Transfer programs (CCTs) provide cash payments to poor householdsRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesChbosky. Word Riot. Word Riot. Retrieved 27 May 2012. 41.Jump up ^ Tara Ann Carter (October 6, 2013). Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre (PDF). John Bartram High School. 42.Jump up ^ Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 43.Jump up ^ Khaled Hosseini (March 4, 1965). Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA) s review of The Kite Runner. Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 44.Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8//Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBasil Adams, Notre Dame de Namur University Janet Adams, Kennesaw State University Cheryl Adkins, Longwood College Vicky Aitken, St. Louis Community College David Albritton, Northern Arizona University Bradley Alge, Purdue University Lois Antonen, CSUS Lucy Arendt, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Anke Arnaud, University of Central Florida Mihran Aroian, University of Texas, Austin Gary Ballinger, Purdue University Deborah Balser, University of Missouri at St. Louis Christopher Barlow, DePaul UniversityRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesindividuals for contributing their expertise to this project and for collaborating with the preschool learning foundations research consortium. 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The Object Oriented Database Model - 1990 Words

History of Object Oriented Databases Miral Patel IST 7000: Data Management Wilmington University Frank Richey Date: 11-27-2016 Introduction The Object oriented databases models have been around since the seventies when the concept of object oriented programming was first explored. It has not caught on for any major publicly traded organization. It is since the last ten to fifteen companies are utilizing object oriented So companies preferred to stick with the applications they knew how to use and had the greatest amount of technical support for. So as we arrived in this perspective becomes more and more antiquated because object oriented programming has become the preferred technique used by developers .So the development of object-oriented databases shows an attempt to integrate the complex data modelling and software engineering principles of recent programming language designs with the persistence, coordination, and protection characteristics supported by database technology. The Object database model Object-oriented model is aiming on reduce overhead converting information form or representation into form of database to an application specific representation so unlike other all traditional database we have an object model which allows us to data persistence and storage by storing objects in the databases so here we can think of where we can apply them so it is mainly used for complex data structures for examples when it comes in useShow MoreRelatedTradeoffs Between Relational and Object-Oriented Database Management Systems1149 Words   |  5 Pagestradeoffs between relational and object-oriented database management systems 1) Stating Position The object oriented DBMS is superior to the relational database on some specific counts, primarily because it can satisfy the complex demands of the market today better than the any other. Secondly while the relational data base stores data as tables, the object model stores data as objects and creates associations. This can create a multiple set of attributes for each object such that the data base is moreRead MoreInformation Storage And Management System1373 Words   |  6 Pagesthe occurrence of database management systems (DBMSs) (Ramakrishnan Gehrke 2000). ‘A database is a large, persistent, integrated collection of dynamic data that provides more operations to describe, establish, manipulate, and access the data’ (Bergholt et al. 1998, p. 7). ‘A database management system (DBMS) is software designed to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collections of data’, in which users can input data, share data, edit data, manipulate data in the database (Ramakrishnan GehrkeRead MoreDescription Of A Relational Database1366 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneralized term to describe a relational database that uses no form of SQL language querying and consists of several data models to define it. My topic of this research paper is the Document Store data model. 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The purpose of any ObjectRelationalMapping tool is to simplify the data creation, data manipulation and data access for an object in accordance with the relational database. Several ORM tools were introduced in the market over years and one of the most extensively used in the today’s market is Hibernate. This documentation will beRead MoreElectronic Healthcare Information Systems Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesDatabases, Electronic Healthcare Information Systems, Data Sets and Data Standards Patient data is crucial to healthcare practice. Having the ability to create, modify, delete, and view patient data is the most important aspect of healthcare. A vital storage mechanism to perform the above functions is a database. A database is essential in development of Electronic Health Record system A database is an organized collection of data saved as a binary-type file on a computer (Sayles, 2013). Binary-typeRead MoreWhat is the Purpose of a Database Management System?1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to explain what a Database Management System (DBMS) is, the main principles of database design and to describe the features or characteristics of four prevalent database models. What is a DBMS? A database management system could be described as a file processing system that creates and administers data and or objects as information for the purpose of access and storage in a convenient way. Many types of programs have been written to add and extract information fromRead MoreThe Evolution of The Database Essay example847 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionized information storage and retrieval. Thus the first databases where born. Flat File Flat file databases where the first of many database models, almost as old as the computer. Flat file databases stored data in text files saved in the file system. 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Domestic Violence As A Social Problem Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Violence, in basic footings, as defined by Lauer ( 1998 ) # 8220 ; refers to the usage of force to kill, injure, or abuse others # 8221 ; ( pg. 205 ) . It can run from a # 8220 ; schoolyard shuffle # 8221 ; to a drug trade slaying. Either act is violent in nature. Domestic force refers, more specifically, to violence between people involved in an confidant relationship. This relationship can be a hubby and married woman, fellow and girlfriend, or kids and their parents. It can take many signifiers, such as verbal maltreatment # 8211 ; menaces, name naming, abuses, emotional and psychological maltreatment: insulating spouses from friends and household, threatening, stalking ; and physical maltreatment # 8211 ; hitting, forcing, whipping or other harmful Acts of the Apostless ( The Partnership Against Domestic Violence ) . Recent studies from the United States Surgeon General province that domestic force is the most important societal job endangering the lives of United States ci tizens today. Violence in households is the figure one wellness concern. There is no job more insidious, permeant, or damaging. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Violence As A Social Problem Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to Business Journal ( 1998 ) , domestic force has become more than merely a household affair, it is a serious # 8220 ; public epidemic with far making effects to persons and society # 8221 ; ( pg. 5 ) . Americans are going more cognizant and less tolerant of maltreatment. More than 4 million incidents ( Family Resource Coalition ) of domestic maltreatment occur each twelvemonth, and grounds indicates that an equal figure go unreported. FBI statistics indicate that a adult male batters a adult female in her ain place every 15 seconds. In 50 % of the places where adult females are physically abused, the kids are beaten as good. It is estimated that 25 % of all twosomes populating together in the United States are involved in physically violent relationships. The harm done by domestic force can non be measured in dollars, but fiscal statistics are uncovering in the sum of money spent on medical disbursals, lost income, ill leave, and other signifiers of non-productivity. More significantly, the abused spouse frequently loses fiscal stableness by go forthing the culprit for safety. As Reaves ( 1997 ) suggests, # 8220 ; this leaves them dependent upon public assistance as their lone possible agencies of flight # 8221 ; ( pg. 27 ) . One senator recognizes this obstruction to this aid as a manner of merely guaranting that they remain at bay. Causes and solutions of domestic force prevarication in social position, Torahs, and constabularies managing of domestic force instances. As the 21st century attacks, it is of import for society to look at these causes and solutions, learn from them, act on them, and better the quality of life for the 1000000s of work forces, adult females and kids who suffer the reverberations. In the past, domestic force was non recognized as a societal job every bit much as an single 1. The prevalent attitude by neighbours, friends, and jurisprudence enforcement was # 8220 ; what goes on in person else # 8217 ; s place is non e of our business. # 8221 ; While this statement has some cogency and everyone has a right to privateness, it is besides of import to acknowledge that the kids who are witnessing this in their place are enduring from terrible psychological hurt and are at an increased hazard of developing behavioural and emotional jobs and even worse may go culprits as grownups. Clearly, the deficiency of consciousness of the significance of this job is one of the grounds it is so permeant. Harmonizing to Feder ( 1998 ) , domestic force # 8220 ; has a checked legal history in America # 8221 ; ( pg. 336 ) . As social positions have changed from the hubbies # 8217 ; rights to command their married womans during the early portion of this century, to a more equal function in the relationship, during the latter portion of this century, society has had to acknowledge domestic force as a modern-day societal job. Antiquated stereotypes about the function of work forces and adult females still persist. W omen continue to be objectified in the media which is saturating the lives of waxy kids and taking to unrealistic outlooks in society. As two parent family addition and divorce rates continue to lift, kids rely on music, telecasting and media personalities to develop their beliefs about how to work in American civilization. They do non larn how to efficaciously decide struggles, communicate, or manage emphasis. They are non able to problem-solve which traditionally should come from detecting parents interact and decide issues in a relationship. Unfortunately, many of their parents neer learned healthy manners of communicating and the rhythm continues. Many are victims of maltreatment and neer exposed to any alternate. We need to recognize that every pick we make sends a message about what we view is socially acceptable. Laws to protect victims of domestic force are a comparatively recent development. Up until shortly after the Civil War, domestic jurisprudence was slackly interprete d to let the # 8220 ; adult male of the house # 8221 ; to crush his married woman and kids. Old-English common Torahs called # 8220 ; spousal favor # 8221 ; allowed partners to utilize # 8220 ; moderate rectification # 8221 ; to keep domestic repose. The keeping order procedure was created to give the constabulary a arm to coerce the maltreater to go forth the victim entirely. Before that the picks were assault and battery charges or a civil lawsu it against the wrongdoer. Restraining orders, which are supposed to be more accessible and serve as a main arm in the conflict to hold domestic force, are going arms of a different kind in the custodies of people involved in divorce and detention conflicts. Emergency keeping orders are being used to penalize one party in the divorce to derive a legal advantage. This is damaging for true victims of domestic force as it may take Judgess to be leery even when there is a legitimate instance. Evidence suggest this mostly developed after 1992 when Judgess were allowed to publish keeping orders when the culprit and victim did non populate together. It would be more good if Judgess could be made cognizant of any probate instances pending, such as a divorce or detention issue, when a restraining order petition is made. Any maltreatment of this system is one measure back in the battle to decide domestic force. Some provinces offer great legal protection for victims of domestic force by giving 24-hour entree to keeping orders and constabularies power to collar the batterer, even if governments don # 8217 ; t witness the blows. For case in Massachussetts, the Chapter 209-A jurisprudence allows victims to obtain exigency portective orders when tribunals are closed and allows constabulary to do apprehensions with likely cause to beleive an assault occured. Ten old ages ago it would hold been compulsory to see the # 8220 ; fight # 8221 ; in action, that is if there was a constabulary response at all. With this displacement in jurisprudence besides comes a displacement in attitude, doing domestic force a felon, non household, discourtesy. Even with the outgrowth of keeping orders another obstruction surfaces. Research shows underenforcement of the Torahs by constabulary against domestic force. Feder # 8217 ; s survey shows while studies revealed a big job in 1985 with # 8220 ; 8.7 million d omestic assault victims annually # 8230 ; .police were non reacting every bit earnestly to domestic assault instances as to comparable nondomestic assault instances: ( pg. 335 ) . Other surveies revealed that factors such as gender of the victim, badness of the discourtesy, and victim # 8217 ; s cooperation entered in the constabulary # 8217 ; s determination on apprehension. While these surveies led concerned citizens to buttonhole for alterations in the jurisprudence, other factors were developing around these issues. New surveies suggested that apprehension led to take down rates of recidivism among domestic force wrongdoers and judicial proceeding was taking constabulary to react more proactively when covering with domestic force. In one case a constabulary officer was held apt for hurts sustained by a beat-up married woman # 8220 ; when the constabulary failed to react smartly to her petitions for help. # 8221 ; Given this incompatibility, it # 8217 ; s barely surprising to see the trouble in eliminating this societal job. Domestic force does non know apart. It is non limited to a certain group. As Groves ( 1997 ) puts it, domestic force is an # 8220 ; equal chance phenomenon # 8221 ; ( pg. 20 ) . It occurs in every category, race, and degree of instruction and in every portion of the state. Although some may be more vulnerable than others, it has risen, harmonizing to James Ptacek ( 1997 ) , # 8220 ; non merely out of a desire to rule adult females, but out of a fearful ambivalency over muliebrity in general, an amibivalence that has long been a basic of mainstream masculine civilization # 8221 ; J ( pg. 358 ) . Persons should be held accountable for their behaviour, but as batterers are driven by urges and deficiency of control, society must be driven by the desire to alter social positions so that adult females are viewed as people alternatively of objects, Torahs that serve the victims instead than the culprits, and constabulary responses so that we can supply a safer environment for our kids. By supplying societal forces that enable and encourage kids and households to hold healthy communicating, choler direction, and realistic outlooks, we can cut down the incidence of domestic force. In the words of Ross Anderson ( 1998 ) # 8220 ; We incarcerate a greater per centum of our population every twelvemonth, spend more money on gaols and prisons, and contrubute to the devastation of households and single lives # 8212 ; all without coming anyplace near to winning the # 8216 ; war on drugs # 8217 ; , uncluttering packs out of our metropoliss, or cut downing the incidence of domestic force # 8221 ; ( pg. 18 ) . References Anderson, R. ( 1998 ) . Renewing Justice: Beneficial to victims, wrongdoers, households, and taxpayers. Enterprise/Salt Lake Dity, 27 ( 36 ) , 18. Business Journal Serving Greater Portland, ( 1998 ) . Employers can do a difference, 14 ( 47 ) ,5. Feder, L. ( 1998 ) . Police handling of domestic and nond omestic assault calls: Is there a instance for favoritism? Crime and Delinquency, 44 ( 2 ) , 335-349. Forman, P. ( 1995 ) . Restraining Orders can be Used by Angry jSpouses. The Standard Times, 12-15. Groves, B. ( 1995 ) . Children without Refuge: Young Witnesses to Domestic Violence. Islands of Safety: Assessing and Treating Young Victims of Violence. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 29-34. Lauer, R. ( 1998 ) . Violence. societal Problems and the Quality of Life ( 7th Ed. ) . Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 168-207. Ptacek, J. ( 1997 ) . What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence Against Wives. Contemporary JSociol9ogy, 26 ( 3 ) , 357-358. Reaves, J. ( 1997 ) . Repairing A Hole In the Safety Net. MS. , 8 ( 3 ) . 27.

Pestel Analysis of Indonesia free essay sample

Bahasa is the official language in Indonesia which is a modified form of Malay but the most widely spoken language is Javanese. 88% of Indonesians population is Muslim. It has a very large trading environment, with several countries ranging in products from gas to textiles. Among the most well known islands are Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan (formerly Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), the Maluku Islands (or better known as Moluccas, the original Spice Islands) and Papua.   Analysis Political Analysis: Political Background: In 1602 the Dutch established the  Dutch East India Company  (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the  Dutch East Indies  as a nationalized colony. Japanese occupation  during World War II ended Dutch rule,  and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and  forced labour  during the Japanese occupation. We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel Analysis of Indonesia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945,  Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to re-establish their rule, and the resulting conflict ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence (with the exception of  the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962  New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated  Act of Free Choice  of 1969). Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the  military  and the  Communist Party of Indonesia  (PKI). An attempted coup  on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led  a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. Around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed. The head of the military,  General Suharto, outmanoeuvred the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His  New Order administration  was supported by the US government,  and encouraged  foreign direct investment  in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian New Order was widely accused of  corruption  and suppression of political opposition. Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the  late 1990s Asian financial crisis. This led to popular protest against the New Order which led to  Suhartos resignation  in May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after  a twenty-five-year military occupation  that was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese. Since Suhartos resignation,  a strengthening of democratic processes  has included a regional autonomy program, and the first  direct presidential election in 2004. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in  Aceh  was achieved in 2005. Political and economic instability, social unrest,  corruption, and  terrorism  slowed progress, however, in the last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence has occurred. Following the  resignation of President Suharto  in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the  1945 Constitution of Indonesia  have revamped the executive,  judicial, and  legislative  branches. Political system: The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the  Indonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who is not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. The highest representative body at national level is the  Peoples Consultative Assembly  (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president. The MPR comprises two houses; the  Peoples Representative Council  (DPR), with 560 members, and the  Regional Representative Council  (DPD), with 132 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by  proportional representation. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPRs role in national governance. The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management. Most civil disputes appear before a State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) is the countrys highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Negara) to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) to deal with codified Sharia Law cases. Political Fallout amp; the recovery: In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger. By the time of Sokarnos downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy was in chaos with 1,000% annual inflation, shrinking export revenues, crumbling infrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, and negligible investment. Following President Sokarnos downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment. Indonesia was until recently Southeast Asias only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates, averaging over 7% from 1968 to 1981. High levels of regulation and a dependence on declining oil prices, growth slowed to an average of 4. % per annum between 1981 and 1988. A range of economic reforms were introduced in the late 1980s including a managed devaluation of the rupiah to improve export competitiveness, and de-regulation of the financial sector, Foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an aver age of over 7%. Suharto, the 2nd president of Indonesia. Under his New Order administration, the country enjoyed the sustained economic development from 1970s to 1996. High levels of economic growth from 1987–1997 masked a number of structural weaknesses in Indonesias economy. Growth came at a high cost in terms of weak and corrupt institutions, severe public indebtedness through mismanagement of the financial sector, the rapid depletion of Indonesia’s natural resources, and a culture of favors and corruption in the business elite. Corruption particularly gained momentum in the 1990s, reaching to the highest levels of the political hierarchy as Suharto became the most corrupt leader according to Transparency Internationals corrupt leaders list. As a result, the legal system was very weak, and there was no effective way to enforce contracts, collect debts, or sue for bankruptcy. Banking practices were much unsophisticated, with collateral-based lending the norm and widespread violation of prudential regulations, including limits on connected lending. Non-tariff barriers, rent-seeking by state-owned enterprises, domestic subsidies, barriers to domestic trade and export restrictions all created economic distortions. 12. 5% of its population live below poverty line (determined on the basis of the national poverty line). Political Structure: In Indonesia after every five year election is being contested for president and vice president post by direct vote of the citizenry. Last time it was held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in July 2014). Susilo Bambang has elected as president and Muhammad Yusuf Kalla is the Vice-President. Similarly, Cabinet also appointed by the president. Administratively, Indonesia consists of 33 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into districts (kecamatan), and again into  village groupings  (either  desa  or  kelurahan). Furthermore, a village is divided into several citizen-groups (Rukun-Warga (RW)) which are further divided into several neighbourhood-groups (Rukun-Tetangga (RT)). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizens daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected  lurah  or  kepala desa  (village chief). The provinces of  Aceh,  Jakarta,  Yogyakarta,  Papua, and  West Papua  have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of  Sharia  (Islamic law).