1812 Overture Essay Example

1812 Overture Paper The 1812 Overture, formed by Peter Tchaikovsky is the most generally regonized bit of old style music. The 1812 Overture was composed to commerate the triumph of Russia in the Napoleonic War in 1812. The destruction of this fight denoted the beginning of the long and unfortunate retreat that decimated Napoleon and his military. In 1880, the Russian writer Tchaikovsky was authorized to compose an elevating and energetic piece to deify Napoleons overcome and praise the freedom of the Russians. Guns would have been utilized during the real clash, they are huge in the piece. Its first execution was in Moscow in 1882. Tchaikovsky was a regarded performer of his time and was appropriate to achieve this assignment. His affectability and volatile personality, was so openly communicated in his music. By the age of 23, he had dedicated himself completely to music as of not long ago. Living in neediness, he buckled down that he experienced enormously, melancholy and a sleeping disorder, with visit bad dreams. His incredible present for song, splendid instrumental shading and compelling passionate articulation, pleased crowds. The 1812 Overture speaks to different parts of the Russian contribution in the Napoleonic war. The sythesis is orchestrated to reflect explicit fights and triumphs during this time. It tranquilly opens with a presentation of a Russian Church serenade, reviewing the statement of war that was declared at community gatherings. The presentation of the horns speak to the walking armed forces. There is a segment of this piece where the French national song of devotion is installed and this is to speak to the French triumph in the war and the catch of Moscow. In the following area of this piece there is a hint of a Russian society move subject, this is to commerate the Russian armed force fight beating back Napoleon. We will compose a custom article test on 1812 Overture explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on 1812 Overture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on 1812 Overture explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The music turns out to be noticably gentler, this is utilized to mirror the retreat from Moscow by the French. The celebrated guns are emblematic to mirror the Russian armed force progressing to the French fringe. This piece closes with a successful Russian National song of praise. The Russian song of devotion is to emblematic contrast the French hymn prior in the piece. Tchaikovsky had effectively caught all the dramatization and feelings of war, from the fights to the triumph, in this piece, which today has gotten one of the most perceived traditional pieces.

Employee Motivation Levels in Hospitality Industry

Representative Motivation Levels in Hospitality Industry Presentation The most significant elusive item in administration industry is simply the worker. Misfortunes caused because of supplanting them signifies the monetary s. One of the significant devices of representative administration ‘Motivation has been passing up a great opportunity of ‘TO DO list from the association executives. They appears to accept that since there are less occupations outside accessible because of downturn in todays work showcase, worker would not leave and we are in favor to keep them. Less turnovers experienced from worker side however shouldn't something be said about the efficiency of representative. Would that be able to be handled by compelling the representative to do whatever as the agreement consistently says, ‘duties could change as indicated by business necessities, or disciplinary follow? Associations become better work environments through improving initiative aptitudes and corporate culture change. Organizations taking a shot at a system of chains of importance envision a systematic a triple-decker transport, the executives of the business are on the top deck, the directors are on the center deck and the workers are on the lower deck. As the transport runs on its ordinary everyday business, down the typical boulevards getting typical everyday individuals. What's going on is that the transport ought to stop at different bus stations so as to enroll new representatives and administrators, so they can come on the transport and obviously clearly let the colleagues off the transport in the event that they choose to leave. The executives would start to become cognizant that the quantity of workers leaving the transport is expanding and they are not so much very sure why? So they choose what they ought to do is to commission a worker study. Presently the expense of the wor ker turnover is clearly something that is an issue or can be an issue for different organizations. All associations intensely put resources into the human asset office. The expense of meeting, recruiting, preparing, creating, keeping up and holding workers are high. Accordingly, administrators no matter what must limit workers disappointment and make all steps imaginable to decrease it. In spite of the fact that, there is no standard system for understanding the representatives turnover process as entire, a wide scope of elements have been discovered helpful in deciphering worker turnover (Kevin, 2004). Along these lines, there is have to build up a more full comprehension of the worker turnover, all the more particularly, the sources. What decides representative turnover, influences and procedures that administrators can set up to limit turnover. During this debilitated monetary condition and increasing rivalry, associations must keep on creating unmistakable items and offer types of assistance which depend on procedures made by representatives. These workers are incredibly signi ficant to the association since their incentive to the association is basically elusive and not handily recreated. Consequently, ranking directors must perceive that workers are significant supporters of the proficient accomplishment of the associations achievement (Abbasi, 2000). Administrators should control representative turnover to help the associations achievement. Point Fundamentally examine worker inspiration level in friendliness industry with a specific spotlight on activities the executives. OBJECTIVE 1. To explore the need of inspiration in friendliness industry 2. To look at the harm caused with de-inspiration 3. To fundamentally get to choices in decreasing representative turnover 4. To give key assessment to inspiring activities the executives while smooth running of the business Method of reasoning A few organizations now days are effectively slipping into organization; it isn't just a few employment loses yet in addition a gigantic loss of endeavors made by working group to carry the business to a specific stage to utilize that numerous representatives. Really, organizations are not assembled exclusively to give employments and the best agreeable condition for individuals inside the network. They are out there to bring in cash and progress which could be any industry. The motivation behind this exposition is to concentrate on neighborliness industry, where we have to discover the base of worker turnover. It is simple for a staff at lower level to move all through an association comparable to the working supervisory group. What makes that occur from the start place? Do line directors not see the significance of expanding inspiration during troublesome occasions? Are the board needing inspiration themselves? It is safe to say that they are substantially more stressed over there own endurance? So if the upper supervisory crew is fulfilled, they would positively be in a situation to outfit their head of divisions without any problem. Worldwide monetary condition is battling and needs to confront proceeds with difficulties with rivalries developing. It can't be directly for a benefit association to simply evaporate with little knocks of downturn. Obviously, both representative and business are influenced with these defeats. A need has excited to investigate this issue in light of the fact that as turnover has consistently been one of the high operational expense, in this way at the hour of downturn as the monetary conditions are not steady, organizations ought to plan something for beat this expense close by. Inspiration is the fix that rejects representatives enthusiasm to work without pressure. To state that no one can persuade a group worker at work resembles saying there are no compelling pioneers, there are no viable administrators, there are no inspirational orator, the clinicians in sports supervisory groups are pointless and that inspiration isn't reachable. Inspiration has been utilized by viable supervisors to incite standard individuals to accomplish exceptional outcomes in all fields of tries. Writing REVIEW Immense measure of writing is accessible in how to persuade your representative, and it would be pertinent in reality around. Basic meaning of Motivation by Lindner, J. R. (1998) can be as â€Å"the inward power that drives people to achieve individual and hierarchical goals.† Understanding what roused representatives and how they were persuaded was the focal point of numerous analysts following the distribution of the Hawthorne Study results (Terpstra, 1979). Five significant methodologies that have prompted the comprehension of inspiration are Maslows need-chain of importance hypothesis, Herzbergs two-factor hypothesis, Vrooms hope hypothesis, Adams value hypothesis, and Skinners fortification hypothesis. As per Maslow, representatives have five degrees of requirements (Maslow, 1943): physiological, wellbeing, social, personality, and self-completing. Maslow contended that lower level needs must be fulfilled before the following more elevated level need would inspire representatives. Herzbergs work classified inspiration into two components: sparks and states of cleanliness (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959). Helper or inherent variables, for example, accomplishment and acknowledgment, produce work fulfillment. Cleanliness or outward factors, for example, pay and professional stability, produce work disappointment. Vrooms hypothesis depends on the conviction that representative exertion will prompt execution and execution will prompt prizes (Vroom, 1964). Prizes might be either positive or negative. The more positive the prize the more probable the representative will be profoundly energetic. On the other hand, the more negative the prize the more outlandish the worker will be prope lled. Adams hypothesis expresses that representatives make progress toward value among themselves and different specialists. Value is accomplished when the proportion of worker results over sources of info is equivalent to other representative results over information sources (Adams, 1965). Skinners hypothesis basically expresses those representatives practices that lead to positive results will be rehashed and practices that lead to negative results won't be rehashed (Skinner, 1953). Chiefs ought to decidedly fortify worker practices that lead to positive results. Supervisors ought to contrarily strengthen worker conduct that prompts negative results. Inspiration characterized by a portion of the creators is the mental procedure that provides conduct reason and guidance (Kreitner, 1995); an inclination to carry on in a purposive way to accomplish explicit, neglected requirements (Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995); an interior drive to fulfill an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994); and the will to accomplish (Bedeian, 1993); and furthermore more. Representative turnover is the revolution of laborers around the work showcase; between firms, employments and occupations; and between the conditions of business and joblessness (Abassi et al. 2000). While the term â€Å"turnover† characterized by (Price (1977) as: the proportion of the quantity of hierarchical individuals who have left during the period being viewed as isolated by the normal number of individuals in that association during the period. Every now and again, administrators allude to turnover as the whole procedure related with filling an opportunity: Each time a position is abandoned, either deliberately or automatically, another worker must be recruited and prepared. This substitution cycle is known as turnover (Woods, 1995). This term is likewise regularly used in endeavors to quantify connections of workers in an association as they leave, paying little heed to reason. â€Å"Unfolding model† of willful turnover speaks to a difference from customary re asoning (Hom and (Griffeth, 1995) by concentrating more on the decisional part of worker turnover, at the end of the day, demonstrating occurrences of intentional turnover as choices to stop. In reality, the model depends on a hypothesis of dynamic, picture hypothesis (Beach, 1990). The picture hypothesis depicts the procedure of how people process data during dynamic. The basic reason of the model is that individuals leave associations after they have dissected the explanations behind stopping. (Sea shore, 1990) contends that people only occasionally have the intellectual assets to deliberately assess all approaching data, so people rather, essentially and rapidly contrast approaching data with progressively heuristic kind of dynamic other options or a more dependable guideline sort of dynamic. Most analysts (Bluedorn, 1982; Kalliath and Beck, 2001; Kramer, 1995; Peters., 198

What is the Coalition Application TKG

What is the Coalition Application By: Caroline KoppelmanThe Common Application (Common App) has been a staple of the college application process for more than forty years. The Common App has done an excellent job of streamlining the application process and made it easy to apply to multiple schools. While not every college uses the Common App, it has become the choice of most top colleges in the recent past. However, in the past few years, there has been criticism of the Common App.  In response to this criticism, about 80 colleges came together and formed the Coalition Application for Access, Affordability, and Success to rival the Common App. The Coalition App was developed to “improve the college application process for all students as they search for and apply to their perfect college.”  One of the key ideas behind the Coalition Application is to reframe the college application process as a marathon instead of a sprint. The Common App made most high schoolers believe that the college application process starts on August 1st, the day Common App used to be released annually. The Common App leads students to think of Junior year as the big college prep year, a time to invest all their focus in their grades and activities. As a result, students tended not to consider the college application process during their sophomore and freshmen years. While it's true that the admissions committees value growth over time, they do take freshmen and sophomore year into consideration.  The Coalition Application hopes that they can change the way students and families view the process. The Coalition will feature “lockers” where students can keep track of their accomplishments throughout the duration of high school. That way students won’t forget all of the things they’ve accomplished. The lockers can store extra curricular activities, writing samples, essays, etc. that they hope will paint a more holistic picture of each student.  The Coalition also wants to help even the playing field. The locker w as created to help disadvantaged students who might not have access to great college departments or independent counselors. In addition to the locker, students will have the option of sharing the contents of the locker with advisors who will guide them through the process. This could provide critical advice and direction for students who do not have access to guidance counselors or mentors.When it comes time to apply to college, The Coalition wants students to avoid stressing out over essay topics. Instead they plan to allow schools to use material from students’ portfolios to create questions.    Right now the Coalition is in its infancy. While over 600 schools are represented on the Common App, only 80 institutions have signed on to the Coalition, including elite schools like the Ivy League, Stanford, and Williams. While most leading admissions officers believe it will take a few years to really catch on, it is available for the class of 2017. As of right now, if you are planni ng on applying to a school covered by both applications there is no clear advantage to using the Coalition or the Common App. We suggest exploring both options and deciding which is best for you. As the Coalition App expands to more schools in the coming years it may rival the Common App as the de facto standard. For now, weigh both options and decide which application better suits your needs.

Schools Should Not Encourage Corporate Sponsorships

For many years, corporations have sponsored schools in the United States. Many students and faculty can find corporate advertisements all over the school; on jerseys, uniforms, equipment, and even school buses. Corporate sponsorships bring money to cash-strapped schools that desperately need money, but these ads also bring distractions to students. Students deserve the best education the school board can provide them and these corporate sponsorships bring many distractions and annoyance to students. Schools should not allow corporate sponsorships into their schools if they do not bring the best benefits to students. Although corporate sponsorships bring a small number of benefits, the school board should provide an environment free from ads and corporate influence in schools because corporate sponsorships create a biased education system and creates lifelong customers out of vulnerable students. Corporate sponsorships bring a couple of financial benefits to cash-strapped schools. The se sponsorships can provide better equipment, new textbooks, and improved school supplies to schools that need it. At Austin High School, corporate sponsorships would enable our school to provide better uniforms and microphones for choir and to provide many essential supplies needed for art and it also gives a way for schools to get more money from corporations whenever they need it. Corporate sponsorships can provide upgraded computers and technology to students and can upgrade or create newShow MoreRelatedDominos Pizza Operations Process and Information Needed1652 Words   |  7 Pagestotalling  £1.9 million. 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What are the likely effects of fracking on global energy security - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2596 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Energy Industry Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a novel method for extracting oil and natural gas that involves injecting highly pressurised water, sand and chemicals into shale rock deep beneath the Earths surface (Sica 2015; Holloway Rudd 2013, p.xi). Commercially viable fracking techniques have been honed over the past two decades in the USA, and have proved to be an effective means by which difficult to reach resources of oil and gas can be exploited (BBC News 2013). Fracking is generally agreed to have had a dramatic effect on the price of fossil fuels, leading some to declare a fracking revolution (Ruhl 2013). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What are the likely effects of fracking on global energy security?" essay for you Create order The Brookings Institute estimates that average US gas prices in 2013 were 47% lower than they would have been without fracking. This means that, overall, consumers of gas saved approximately $13 Billion in the period between 2007 and 2013 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a figure that is increasing exponentially as production of fracked fuel increases (Dews 2015). As fracking was pioneered in the USA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a market recently described by McDonald (2014) as account[ing] for practically all of the worlds commercial production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this paper will base its outlook on the impact of fracking on US energy security. We will begin by looking at the potential opportunities presented by fracking, then turn to the domestic challenges before considering the global impact, which will be split into a critique of the geopolitics and an assessment of the environmental factors raised by the technique. The potential of fracking The United States Energy Information Agency estimates that there are approximately 7229 trillion cubic feet of recoverable shale gas reserves globally (EIA-ARI 2013). This figure is likely to increase significantly, given that during this study, the EIA surveyed just 46 regions in 41 separate countries (p.1). For comparison, the Oil and Gas Journals 2012 Worldwide look at Reserves and Production put the total figure of proven recoverable conventional gas reserves at 7074 trillion cubic feet; a figure already smaller than the potential of shale gas, and one that is likely to be dwarfed as further shale exploration yields new gas fields. Although commentators such as Inman (2014) have called the predicted size of potential reserves of shale gas into question, the potential for independent energy production is obvious, and has already been hinted at by the American experience. Between 2005 and 2013, the USA reduced net imports from 10.9 billion cubic feet of natural gas, to just 4. 8 billion cubic feet. Over the same period, the wholesale price of gas collapsed from a high of $8.79 to a low of $3.71. Some experts expect the USA to become a net exporter of natural gas as soon as 2018 (Oil and Energy Trends 2013). Chief economist and Vice President of BP, Christof Ruhl (2013), predicts that, in a short space of time, the USA will also replace Saudi Arabia as the worlds largest energy producer. Although turbulence in the price of gas is not solely down to increased supply (and is presently exacerbated by a global economic slowdown), fracking has two important benefits for the energy security of countries with reserves of shale gas: They are insulated from fluctuations in global price such as those found between 2005 2013; and The risk of sudden, unexpected geopolitical events impacting on supply is greatly mitigated. Similar potential benefits are open to other nations with reserves of shale gas, which perhaps explains why countries such as the United Kingdom, which could supply its entire gas needs for the next 50 years by extracting just 10% of its estimated reserves, are so keen to expand their onshore fracking activities (Cooper, Stamford Azapagic 2014). Domestic challenges of fracking Fracking is not without its critics. In a major survey of media portrayals, Groat Grimshaw (2012) found that two-thirds of stories across all forms of news media in the USA were negative. They go on to criticise the fact that that less than a quarter of all stories made any reference to scientific research on the issue. The UK, where the government has shown a commitment to developing fracking that could make it the second major economy to follow the lead of the USA, has seen major public objection to fracking, sparked in part by a number of earthquakes that were attributed to drilling activities (BBC News 2011). Others have highlighted drinking water contamination, air pollution, and limited regulation (meaning wells can be constructed on church grounds and schools) as major criticisms of fracking in the USA (Goldberg 2013). Holloway Rudd (2013 p.126) reject many of these criticisms, noting that no link had been found linking fracking to reports of groundwater contamination. They cite a major study by the University of Texas, which concluded that many problems ascribed to hydraulic fracturing are related to processes common to all oil and gas drilling operations and that any reports of contamination can be traced to above-ground spills or other mishandling of wastewater produced from shale gas drilling, rather than from hydraulic fracturing (Holloway Rudd, p.126). These justifications seem disingenuous; the issues identified are a direct consequence of fracking, even if they are not unique to it as a form of energy extraction. Over 15 million Americans now live within a mile of an oil or gas well, a figure likely to skyrocket as more wells are constructed, especially if densely populated nations such as the UK commence drilling operations (Gold McGinty 2013). As fracking is a technology that brings production closer to communities, it is imperative that the industry do more to address these issues, rather than dismissing them as normal consequences of fossil fuel production. If they do not, they will fail to win over public opinion, which in turn could result in a hostile regulatory regime that could act as a major impediment on the proliferation of fracking worldwide, negating any positive effects on energy security. The Geopolitical significance of fracking It is not just the size of potential shale gas reserves that is significant; it is also their global distribution. Presently, Russia tops the current list of nations with proven gas reserves, closely followed by Iran, with Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan and Venezuela all featuring in the top ten à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all nations with questionable human rights records, or a history of animosity towards the USA (Oil and Gas Journal 2012). By contrast, China à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with negligible traditional energy reserves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" tops the list of technically proven shale gas reserves. Brazil, the USA, and South Africa also feature in the top ten of this list (EIA 2014). This means that fracking has an enormous potential to impact on global energy security. Six out of the top ten companies in the world are involved in the energy sector, and the future of fracking could well impact on their long-term fortunes (Fortune 2014). Large exporters such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezue la depend on oil and gas exports for their security and standing in the world, and plan their foreign policies accordingly (Orttung Overland 2011). Control of fossil fuel reserves has been a factor in many global territorial disputes, and is a major motivating factor behind US political and military involvement in the Middle East (Overland 2015). Clearly then, any change to the existing status quo with regards to the production, import, and export of gas is going to have a profound impact on global politics and the future of global energy security. If the USA does indeed become a net exporter of energy, its strategic interest in the Middle East à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" where it has a huge military presence, and has been directly involved in two recent wars à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is likely to wane (Index of US Military Strength 2015, p.117). Some nations that exert their foreign policy objectives through energy are likely to see their influence decline, while others will see potential for their security to improve. European energy security At present, relations between Russia, Europe and the USA are strained. As much as a quarter of the EUs gas is imported from Russia, and nearly 80% of it has traditionally travelled in pipes through Ukraine (BBC News 2009). Successive disputes between Ukraine and Russia regarding payment for gas resulted in almost annual cut-offs in European supply over successive winters in the latter half of the decade, causing some governments to declare a state of emergency as schools and factories closed and people struggled to survive the freezing temperatures (Cendrowicz 2009). These cuts in supply were short-lived, but demonstrate how vulnerable European energy security is to geopolitical events beyond its control. The overthrow of pro-Russian president in Ukraine, the Russian annexation of Crimea, consequent European sanctions, and a Ukrainian gas production base that is centred to the east where insurgent fighting continues to wreak its toll all point to major, continued threats to glob al energy security, and perhaps underline why European nations might want to reconsider their initial reluctance to pursue the option of fracking (Oil and Energy Trends 2014). It is clear that if predictions of shale gas reserves prove accurate, Russian influence on global energy security will be greatly diminished, and a new hierarchical relationship will develop. It is also noteworthy that while Russian influence might decline, two other BRIC nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" China and Brazil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" may step onto the stage as global players in the global energy market. Some observers have commented that this could accelerate the USAs decline as a hegemonic superpower; however, with the alluring prospect of energy independence itself, fracking might actually help to revive American fortunes (Dunn Mcclelland 2013). Climate Change Although fracking has the potential to guarantee energy security for many nations, while precipitating the decline of influence for some producers and hastening the rise of others, in the long term, it has the potential to be a retrograde step for energy security. At a time when scientific consensus seems to be that the use of fossil fuels is adversely impacting on the economic and ecologic future of the planet, it seems unfortunate that fracking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with its promise of low cost energy independence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" has been developed as a technology. The UK seems almost certain to miss its objectives under the Climate Change Act 2008 of reducing carbon emissions to 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 if it continues to pursue its policy of fracking (Cooper, Stamford Azapagic 2014). Although carbon taxes could offset the economic consequences of climate change, the political hurdles to implementing such policies have proved challenging to date (Rabe Borick 2012). Furthe rmore, carbon taxes will not mitigate against the physical consequences of climate change, which even by conservative best case scenario estimates, is likely to exacerbate food and water security, result in more frequent freak weather events, and mean a rise in sea levels by the middle of the century (Schneider et al 2007). These factors are likely to result in greater instances of conflict, as populations compete for increasingly scarce resources (Scott 2012). As such, the short term benefits to energy security that fracking could bring could eventually contribute to long term global instability as the more serious effects of climate change begin to take effect. Conclusion As we have seen, the fracking revolution has the potential to shake up the largely static hierarchical energy relationships that have existed since the end of World War Two. Nations such as the USA and the United Kingdom have the potential to become energy independent within a generation. Growing economies with limited traditional energy reserves such as China have the potential to become energy producers, which, until now, they have largely been excluded from. For the winners, a future of energy independence beckons, which in turn means greater energy security and greater global security. Although there are many benefits, the impact of climate change cannot be ignored. Fracking provides cheap domestic fuel, which in turn means that the point in time at which it becomes economically viable for societies to switch to renewable sources of energy disappears further into the future. This means that, long term, fracking could contribute to increased political volatility and uncertain ty, which in turn could result in reduced global energy security. Ultimately, fracking could prove to be a false economy. Bibliography Andrews. I., 2013. The Carboniferous Bowland Shale Gas Study: Geology and Resource Estimation, British Geological Society for Climate and Energy Change, London, 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226874/BGS_DECC_BowlandShaleGasReport_MAIN_REPORT.pdf  last accessed 31st October 2015 BBC News. 2009. EU reaches gas deal with Ukraine. BBC News Online https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8179461.stm  last accessed 26th October 2015 BBC News. 2013. What is fracking and why is it controversial? BBC News Online https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-14432401 last accessed 24th October 2015 BBC News. 2011. Anti-fracking protesters target Blackpool Tower. BBC News Online https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-14431512  last accessed 25th October 2015 Cendrowicz. L., 2009. Russia-Europe Gas Spat Endsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ For Now. Time Magazine https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1870597,00.html last acc essed 27th October 2015 Cooper. J., Stamford. L., Azapagic. A., 2014. Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas in the UK: Current Situation and Future Scenarios. Energy Technology. 2 (12) Dec 2014, pp.1012-1026. Dews. F., 2015 The Economic Benefits of Fracking. Brookings Institute [Online]. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2015/03/23/the-economic-benefits-of-fracking/  last accessed 24th October 2015 Dunn, D., Mcclelland, M. 2013. Shale gas and the revival of American power: debunking decline? International Affairs, 89: 1411à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1428. doi: 10.1111/1468-2346.12081 EIA-ARI. 2013. World Shale Gas and Shale Oil Resource Assessment. https://www.adv-res.com/pdf/A_EIA_ARI_2013%20World%20Shale%20Gas%20and%20Shale%20Oil%20Resource%20Assessment.pdf last accessed 24th October 2015 Fortune. 2014. The 500 Largest Corporations in the World, https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/index.html last accessed 26th October 2015 Goldberg. S., 2013. Fracki ng hell: what its really like to live next to a shale gas well. Guardian Online https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/14/fracking-hell-live-next-shale-gas-well-texas-us last accessed 25th October 2015 Gold. R., McGinty. T., 2013. Energy Boom Puts Wells in Americas Backyards. Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303672404579149432365326304 last accessed 25th October 2015 Holloway. D., Rudd. O., 2013. Energy Sustainability: Fracking: The Operations and Environmental Consequences of Hydraulic Fracturing, (1st edn, Wiley) Index of US Military Strength. 2015. The Heritage Foundation. https://ims-2015.s3.amazonaws.com/2015_Index_of_US_Military_Strength_FINAL.pdf last accessed 27th October 2015 Inman. M., 2013. Natural Gas: The Fracking Fallacy. Nature. 516 (7529) https://www.nature.com/news/natural-gas-the-fracking-fallacy-1.16430 last accessed 25th October 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate Change 2014 [online]. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf last accessed 13th October 2015. McDonald. P., 2014. SURVEY: Fears over energy security provide boost for shale gas prospects. Oil and Energy Trends, 39: p.10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"18. doi:10.1111/oet.12183 Oil Gas Journal. 2012. Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production. Oil Gas Journal 2012; 110:12; pp.28à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31. https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-12/special-report-worldwide-report/worldwide-look-at-reserves-production.html Oil and Energy Trends. 2013. Focus: US looks for export markets for its NGL. Oil and Energy Trends 2013; 38:7; pp 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"6, DOI: 10.1111/oet.12077. Oil and Energy Trends. 2014. FOCUS: Europe counts the energy cost of Ukrainian crisis. Oil and Energy Trends, 39: 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7. doi: 10.1111/oet.12162 Orttung, R., Overland, I. 2011. A limited toolbox: explaining the constraints on Russias foreign energy policy. Journal of Eur asian Studies, 2 (1), 74à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"85. Overland, I. 2015. Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas. Handbook of Clean Energy Systems. 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"29 Rabe, B., Borick, C. 2012. Carbon Taxation and Policy Labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian Provinces. Review of Policy Research, 29: p.358à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"382. doi:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00564.x Ruhl. C., 2013. Oil Boom 2.0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An American Dream Updated. LinkedIn [blog] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130730080645-259060403-oil-boom-2-0-an-american-dream-updated last updated 24th October 2015 Scott. S., 2012. The Securitization of Climate Change in World Politics: How Close have We Come and would Full Securitization Enhance the Efficacy of Global Climate Change Policy? RECIEL. 12(3) November 2012, p.220-230. Sica, C. E., 2015. Stacked Scale Frames: Building Hegemony for Fracking Across Scales. 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Analysis Of The Huffington Post, By Journalist Kristy...

Americas feel all superior to other countries because we have freedom, civil disobedience, and are given all the necessities to prosper. If so, why are American who live in the lower income areas has a shortage of healthy foods at their disposal? Kristy Blackwood and Iris Mansour acknowledge the clear fact to why a called a first-world country has millions of people struggle with not having the access to the suitable food to help combat the issue of obesity in the nation. In â€Å"Transforming Food Deserts and Swamps to Fight Obesity† an article that appeared in The Huffington Post, by journalist Kristy Blackwood argue how access to healthy produces in not prevalent in low-income neighborhoods, which are highly dominated by Blacks and†¦show more content†¦Mansour feel as if healthier choices is presented to these communities it wouldn’t guarantee that the residents will have a better diet. Although both Blackwood and Mansour identify a major problem suffer by l ow-income peoples in the country, having no access to prominent foods resulting in obesity, Blackwood invests in telling the audience of what is being done to combat this issue with her optimistic view point that it can be solved. On the other hand, Mansour chooses to focus on the fact that low-income people are suffering hardship from distance from others Americans who have the supermarkets in arm’s reach making her argument more pessimistic. Both articles, make me question how a country can be known as the first-world country yet, not able to take extreme measure to give all people the adequate amount of nutrition to keep them healthy and persuade me to rethink the integrity of our nation as a whole. Both Kristy Blackwood and Iris Mansour presents to the readers that they’re well knowledgeable on the issue of forest desert, which lower economic people in the world from having the great privilege as other with access to healthy food. They want the general audience to be aware that even though our country is a first world country, it is inescapable that food

Macbeth Blood and Water Essay Example For Students

Macbeth: Blood and Water Essay In William Shakespeares masterpiece Macbeth, he uses many motifs. Two of these motifs are blood and water. The play is full of images of blood and water, to show the characters attitudes toward their own guilt at each stage. Both motifs mature and change in their meaning along with the setting and mood of the play. The functions of both are important if the subtleties of the play are to be understood. Blood symbolizes honor, treachery, and guilt. Water symbolizes cleanliness of the soul, as though all it takes is water to wash guilt away. While reading the play, it is noticed that blood comes up repeatedly. This is important to the overall effect of the different usages in the play. The word blood, or different forms of it, is found forty-two times in the play, along with several other passages dealing with the symbol. The symbolism of blood strangely follows the change in the character Macbeth. Macbeth is first a soldier, very highly revered by the King Duncan. As the play progresses, Macbeths demeanor and personality declines, as does the meaning of blood. Blood is then viewed as a symbol for treachery and bloodshed, along with the various forms of guilt. The first reference of blood is one of honor, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured captain and says What bloody man is that?I, 2, ln.1. This mention of blood is symbolic of honor, for the brave fighter has been injured in a glorious and ardent battle for his country. In the next passage the captain says that Macbeths sword . . .smoked with bloody executionI, 1, ln.20, with this he is referring to Macbeths braveness in which his sword is steaming because it is covered in the hot blood! of the enemy on the cold morning of the battle. This function is important because it shows that at this point in the play the word blood is used as a sign of fighting valiantly. It is a sort of pride to have a bloodied sword, or have bled in battle for your king. After blood has been referred to a few times with reference to honor, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth begins the change when she asks the spirits to make thick my blood, 1, 5, ln.50. What Lady Macbeth is saying is that she wishes to be remorseless and insensitive about the murders she and Macbeth will soon commit. Also in this area the symbol of blood is changes to one of guilt. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows that if they are found with bloody daggers they will be hanged for their betrayal of the king, so she tells Macbeth to smear the sleepy grooms with blood.II, 2, ln.64, and Macbeth replies If he do bleed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal /for it must seem their guilt.II, 2, ln.72-3. When Banquo states and  question this most bloody piece of work,II, 3, ln.150 and Ross says ist known who did this more than bloody deed?II, 4, ln.31, they a! re both inquiring as to whom performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. Once again, blood is used as a sign of guilt. Both use blood as a mark upon a person which would point them out as a sure suspect for the killing of Duncan. Whoever has the blood of Duncan on them is guilty of treason, and more importantly, they are guilty of the murder. It is also here where the theme of water is first brought in. Macbeth is fretting about the fact that it was he who killed the king, and he was beginning to regret the choice he made, saying Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood /clean from my hand?II, 2, ln.78 Lady Macbeth, still sure that they will never be caught, says A little water clears us of this deed.II, 2, ln.86 This shows that the function of water is to be used as a symbol for an element which can absolve a person of all guilt. This is important because it seems to be the counter, or the antithesis of blood, where one is a sign of guilt, and the other is an absolution of it. .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .postImageUrl , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:hover , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:visited , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:active { border:0!important; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:active , .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7 .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ec167400b5287f6feef5eb259e1dfa7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In our performance of Blood Brothers EssayThe third, and perhaps the most often use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. This was hinted upon earlier when Lady Macbeth mad sure that no blood was found on either her or Macbeth. Macbeth firsts hints at his guilt when he says Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?, meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory and bloody, comes to haunt Macbeth at the banquet. The sight of apparitions represents Macbeths guilt for the murder of Banquo which he planned. Macbeth shows a bit of his guilt when he says It is the bloody business which informs thus, he could not get the courage to say murder after he had killed Duncan, so he says this instead. The function of blood as guilt is very important because it is what eventually brings the downfall of Macbeth and drives Lady Macbeth to suicide. Water also makes another appearance, again relating to cleanliness and the washing away of something. The forces of Macduff talk of this when thy say . . . pour we in our countrys purge /Each drop of us. /Or so much as it needs /To dew our sovergn flower and drown the weeds. V, 2, ln.33-6 Here the theme of water takes along with the theme of cleanliness, also a them of a strengthening agent. They talk of how water composed of a little of each of them would dew the sovergn flower, Macduff, and drown the weeds, Macbeth. Lady Macbeth shows the most outright and blatant example of guilt  using the symbol of blood in the scene in which she walks in her sleep. She says Out damned spot, out, I say! One. Two. /Why then, tis time to dot. Hell is murky. Fie, my /lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear /who knows it, when none can call out power to /account? Yet who would have thought the old man /to have had so much blood in him?V, 1, ln.37-42 This speech represents the fact that she cannot wipe the blood stains of Duncan off of her hands. This is ironic that she says this, because of the comment she made right after the murder, when Macbeth was feeling guilty, she said A little water clears us of this deed.II, 2, ln.86 Obviously, she now feels differently, even if this is only shown through her subconscious. This last is shown just before the ending of the play, when Macbeth has Macduff at his mercy, and lets him go, because of his guilt. He shows that he is guilty, when he says But get thee back, my soul is too much charged /With blood of thine already.V, 8, ln.6-7 Macduff replies, I have no words; /My voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain /Than terms can give thee out.V, 8, ln.8-10 In Macduffs last remark we see that he believes Macbeth to have committed a crime that is so horrible that there are no words for it, and Macduff therefore calls him a Blood villain, again showing that blood is used as a sign of treachery, or loathing. After Macduff manages to kill Macbeth, the symbolic theme of blood swings back to what it was at the beginning of the play. It is the symbol of honor to Malcolm this time. The death of Macbeth is an honored feat that Macduff is congratulated for. It can also be speculated that maybe the cycle will continue around again, with Mal! com obtaining the same d emeanor and ambitions as Macbeth did, and have his character go through the same changes. .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .postImageUrl , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:hover , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:visited , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:active { border:0!important; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:active , .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18 .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e19ba4b753ab2c19dea05038aa72f18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In cold blood - truman capote EssayWe have seen meaning of the symbol of blood change from honor to treachery, to guilt, and then we have seen it revert back to the meaning of honor once again after the villain that changed the meaning from honor to tyranny is killed. Water is present throughout the play, and is used as a cure for guilt, a strengthening agent, and means to wipe out a common enemy . Both of these symbols were present throughout the play, and showed how many of the characters felt a certain times during the play.

Atlantis Essay Example

Atlantis Essay To some people Atlantis was one of the most beautiful places on earth at the time. Now Atlantis is still the most beautiful place on earth, but it is a hotel in the Bahamas. Its nothing like Plato talked about. Plato talked about an island in the Atlantic Ocean that was as big as a continent. Atlantis is described in the paintings by Dovilio Brero. In Atlantis every detail is taken care of.Atlantis was built in concentric circles, only way to get into each one was by the sea. Access into the different circles was more restricted as you move towards the center island. As described of Atlantis from Dovilio Brero the architecture unites beauty and harmony with an extreme functionality. The center part is the citadel. It has a diameter of about 2 ? kilometers. In the dead center is a university dedicated to the studies on time phenomena. The most astounding building in the central part is the Astronomic observatory. The Atlantians made an enormous emerald which they engraved on it the ma in codes of the city written in many different languages. The Emerald Tables were guarded in an underground room, in the most restricted zones in Atlantis.The level of Technology they had was far superior to ours. Even though their clothes make them look primitive they had some of the most advance weapons and items of the time. In an ancient Indian book it tells about a war between the Rama Empire of India and Atlantis. It says that says that Atlantis launched a single projectile charged with the power of the universe. An incandescent column of smoke and flame as bright as the thousand suns rose in all its splendor (Nuclear weapon) Atlantis also used crystals to power all their things. One of the most important crystals is the Living Crystals of Atlantis which are supposed to contain all the knowledge of the Atlantis. There is supposed to be one at the bottom of the sphinxs left paw. Sonar reading show there is a room

Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in transitioning economies

Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in transitioning economies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a critical component in the development of a vibrant relationship between an organization and its stakeholders. Hence, organizations are supposed to be proactive in engaging the immediate environment on matters regarding the welfare of the environment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in transitioning economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, corporate social responsibility is supposed to create a balance between profitability and the overall wellbeing of the targeted market. While the concept of corporate social responsibility is broad and sometimes complex depending on the method used to approach it, this paper will largely dwell on the analysis of the modern issues that often affect business organizations and their practices. In particular, the paper will attempt to offer a detailed discussion of the so cially irresponsible, unethical or illegal activities that usually bedevil business organizations even as they seek to boost their profitability. It is prudent to note that there are three main areas of concern that are instrumental when exploring the concept of corporate social responsibility. These are the management of a company, corporate culture and the competitive environment of a business entity. The essay will begin by exploring the concept of corporate social responsibility using the example of AstraZeneca Plc. In particular, the essay will explore the employees deployed by AstraZeneca since they are part and parcel of the company. The analysis will focus on the safety, health, and environment (SHE) program. Although there are negative practices that the company may have committed in the past, it is profound to note that there are good practices that amount to corporate social responsibility courtesy by the company. The information represented in this essay was obtained fro m stakeholders who have been given the duty of undertaking the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the company. AstraZeneca Plc. was incepted way back in 1999 (Turner 2005, p. 69). This was made possible due to the merger between Astra AB and Zeneca Group Plc. Most of the activities of the company take place in the United Kingdom. Hence, the operations of the company are centered in the United Kingdom. The company was formed with the broad objective of generating long-term and sustainable growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While profitability is the key goal of the company, the stakeholders have also been the center of attention of the company. It is vital to note that stakeholders include even the targeted market that comprise of customers and their diverse needs. The company clearly understands that the process of production does not stop at the point o f sale. It goes beyond sales and marketing. Hence, corporate social responsibility goes beyond making profits and leading the market. At present, AstraZeneca Plc is one of the most competitive pharmaceutical companies. It has a strong focus on research, development and innovation. The latter are required because its commercial and manufacturing operations depend on the aforementioned aspects bearing in mind that there is a growing competition in the marketing of pharmaceutical products. The company manufactures medicinal products for treating various ailments. In addition, its operations are not localized in Europe. As already, mentioned, United Kingdom acts as its headquarters. However, its activities are scattered in over one hundred destinations across the world. In terms of the manufacturing process, it takes place in twenty nations. The company has a workforce of about 54000 employees. Corporate Social Responsibility in transition economies Economies that are in a state of tran sition are largely considered to be in the developmental stage. Nevertheless, even the developed states may still experience transition economies especially if there are major economic adjustments. In the case of AstraZeneca Plc., corporate social responsibility can be attained by putting the right efforts and initiatives in place so that sustainable development can be effectively implemented. This implies that when a company takes corporate social responsibility seriously, it significantly contributes towards corporate governance. The organization assumes that sustainable development is the ability of a specified economic operation to meet the needs of both the present and future markets. At present, this business organization is putting in place a lot of energy in order to boost its corporate social responsibility fundamentals. Besides, it is aiming at establishing suitable techniques for implementing and regulating the efficacy of the Corporate Social Responsibility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in transitioning economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most sensitive stakeholder that needs to be put into consideration is the employee of the company. The SHE program should be directed towards the employees of the organization. In any case, aligning employees with the corporate social responsibility program is the most important aspect that the company should embark on. Stakeholder theorists often claim that the management of companies ought to make sure that shareholders’ interests are enhanced at all times. Unfortunately, this is not the case at AstraZeneca Plc. There are no clear guidelines that have been put in place by the county in order to take care of this vital need. In addition, other stakeholders or groups that work hand in hand with the company. Areas of Corporate Social Responsibility include the environment , social welfare, and economic wellbeing. These responsibilities are critical fundamentals of the corporate responsibility of any given company or business entity. In some cases, the environmental sustainability largely lays a lot of emphasis on the effects occasioned by people on the immediate environment. In addition, social sustainability takes care of various issues that directly or indirectly impact the society as a whole. When the latter is put into consideration, it brings into perspective the fact that AstraZeneca plc is yet to put into consideration the safety environmental rules regarding emission of toxic materials into the environment (Boerner 2011, p.34). It is profound to underscore the fact that the process of manufacturing pharmaceutical products usually leads to massive generation of waste products in form of chemical wastes. Therefore, it is necessary for the management of the company to formulate policies guarding waste control and management both inside their fac tories and immediately after being released. Adequate management of pollution clearly amounts to corporate governance. The ideals behind corporate responsibility of a company entails various operations such as employees’ working conditions, environmental protection, production of safe products, ethical sales and marketing ideals as well as activities that add value to a business organization. Since Considering AstraZeneca Plc operates within the pharmaceutical industry, social and corporate responsibility cannot be ignored at all costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How can corporate social responsibility be integrated in the operations of AstraZeneca Plc? In order to integrate the ideals of the corporate social responsibility of this company in environmental management and safety of stakeholders, there are three fundamental areas that must be addressed by the company’s leadership. These include the competitive environment of the business, corporate culture, and also the nature of leadership of the company. Integration of corporate social responsibility within an organization begins with the leadership that has been put in place. For example, the entire management of the organization should be actively involved in all the activities that involve corporate social responsibility (Geraghty 2010, p.44). When it comes to the corporate mission and corporate culture, it is evident that AstraZeneca does not have a properly defined mission statement. However, the company has always confirmed that it is one of the leading pharmaceutical organizati ons across the globe. Irrespective of market leadership, the absence of a specific corporate culture especially in the mission and vision statements is a major ingredient towards failure on matters related to corporate social responsibility. There is no doubt that the company has done quite well in reaching out pharmaceutical markets outside Europe. The 20 manufacturing plants spread across various geographical locations is indeed a vivid indicator that the company stands a better chance of not merely making super profits, but also being a leader in the corporate social responsibility circles (Dhaliwal et al 2011, p.73). As it stands now, the company has a competitive business portfolio and therefore its business environment is highly competitive. As already pointed out, it is one of the outstanding market leaders in terms of profitability and of course a large market base. Monitoring and evaluation of the corporate social responsibly and corporate governance One of the reasons why this company has failed to implement its CSR operations is that it does not have an adequate and effective mechanism for measuring, assessing and reporting corporate responsibility activities. The presence of heavy bureaucracy within the organization has immensely contributed towards poor reporting systems. The company is currently struggling to develop slim and efficient systems that can expedite the process of social corporate responsibility reporting. Nonetheless, it is vital for company to develop appropriate systems that can be used to measure various aspects that impact the corporate social responsibility (Cramer Bergmans 2003, p.76). Recommendations The proposed alternatives and solutions that can be put into place by AstraZeneca have been briefly discussed under the recommendations. To begin with, the company ought to develop an effective system for monitoring, assessing and reporting all the corporate social responsibility operations. Since the organization does not have a clearly defined mission statement, it is crucial to devise a suitable mission statement. This will map out the much needed corporate culture needed in this organization. The company should also diversify its operations in various areas such as genetics and the development of new and improved vaccines. . This will be instrumental in lowering the current competition from other market rivals such as GlaxoSmithKline. Some market competitors are doing quite well in terms of the corporate social responsibility framework (Boeger, Murray Villiers 2008, p.37). It is also highly recommended for the management of this company to consider sustainability reporting as a corporate organization. Most of the transition economies such as that of Russia are sometimes difficult to predict in terms of performance. For example, a transiting economy can easily be affected by the sharp fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates. Since such fluctuations are usually inevitable, it is upon the competing com panies to create and clearly define sustainability reporting so that all the activities or operations that need to be carried out can be brought into a sharp focus (Babin Nicholson 2011, p.48). Conclusion To recap it all, it is vital to reaffirm that the corporate social responsibility is a critical area of operation of any business entity. It is one of the most practical ways through which organizations can participate in governance. For instance, waste management, pollution control and basic development and improvement of local infrastructure are some of the key operations that can be integrated in the corporate social responsibility. References Babin, R Nicholson, B 2011, â€Å"How green is my outsourcer? Measuring sustainability in global IT outsourcing†, Strategic Outsourcing: an International Journal, 4(1) 47-66. Boeger, N., Murray, R., Villiers, C 2008, Perspectives on corporate social responsibility, Glos, UK, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Boerner, H 2011, â€Å"Globa l corporate accounting language is expanding-through regulations, mandates, and voluntary adoptions†, Corporate Finance Review 16(2) 32-36. Cramer, J., Bergmans, F 2003, Learning about corporate social responsibility the Dutch experience, IOS Press, Amsterdam. Dhaliwal D, Li O, Tsang A Yang, Y 2011, â€Å"Voluntary nonfinancial disclosure and the cost of equity capital: the initiation of corporate social responsibility reporting†, The Accounting Review, 86(1)59-100. Geraghty, L 2010, â€Å"Sustainability reporting- measure to manage, manage to change, keeping good companies†, 141-147. Turner, T N 2005, Vault guide to the top pharmaceuticals and biotech employers, Vault, Inc, New York.

Problems of Industrialization in Pakistan Essay - 1

Problems of Industrialization in Pakistan - Essay Example This essay discusses the Pakistan country, that is a developing nation that is dependent on agriculture as the country is endowed with fertile lands fit for the economic activity. Nonetheless, the process of industrializing her agricultural activities has been faced by several problems impeding the whole process. This essay expounds on the different factors undermining the efforts to industrialize the operations in the country and not the negative effects that may result from industrialization in a given country. The factors were identified from the responses in a survey that was carried out to seek information from a variety of industrialists in the country in relation to the industrialization problems they have encountered, or the factors they consider detrimental to the process. The researcher discusses the problems of electricity and energy shortages, poor and underdeveloped infrastructure, lack of trained and skilled workforce problem, little emphasis that is given on research a nd development as well as declines in foreign direct investment, that is needed today. It is also concluded by the researcher that the country has been making efforts to promote its industrialization, but the efforts have had no positive yields yet. The researcher also mentiones that foreign direct investors, who can contribute significantly to industrialization through introduction of new technologies, are not attracted to a country with such deficiencies, that were discussed in the essay and that is the main problem.

Founding of Ross Screenprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Founding of Ross Screenprint - Research Paper Example s refined his idea about T-Shirts and eventually started Ross Screenprint as a small business that served residents within the town in early 1993 (Ross Screenprint, N.p). Despite facing various challenges such as market uncertainty, funds constraint, and inadequate supplies of T-Shirts, Daniel Ross was quite optimistic that his business will grow and serve the interests of the community while still maintaining the overall purpose that was to generate profits. He took the bold step and went out of his way to seek for financial assistance and advice from close family members including his father who perpetually motivated him to move on with the dazzling, and apparently precarious idea. When forming Ross Screenprint, Daniel was aware of the fact that the design industry required an empathetic approach. In 2008, for instance, the business was faced with the challenge of a potential failure resulting from the worsening economic situations that were fueled by the 2007/08 economic recession. However, Daniel demonstrated his management ability by regulating the production of T-shirts and reducing the costs of customizing clothes. Apparently, no customer was left behind, and his concern for customers made his business thrive amidst the hostile economic environment (Palmer, 122). He has always stayed engaged and motivation, vital factors that have helped the business to maintain a strong customer-base. Under the assistance of Industry Canada that works with firms in several areas to ensure Canada’s innovative performance and improve the economic conditions to attract investors, Ross Screenprint started growing and expanding its services in 1994. Daniel Ross, the company’s CEO and major executive, immediately realized that there was the need to include more people in the administration of the venture. Consequently, he hired three people who helped him in managing the affairs of the business as well as spread the word about the existence of the business. As the company

Outbreak Of One Of The Conflicts In Africa History Essay

Outbreak Of One Of The Conflicts In Africa History Essay Africa from time immemorial has experienced numerous forms of conflicts ranging from ethnic confrontations to interstate wars. The idea of war still plays a veritable role in the post colonial Africa as well as in the international politics. An understanding of the situation in Africa has proved that most of these wars have been fought on the African soils and have had devastating effects on the continent and the world at large. Examples of these wars include Rwanda, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast and just to name a few. These wars have greatly affected the African continent especially the countries involved as it has reduced the economies of these countries to nothing but a shadow on their own. It is obvious that most of these wars are taken place but in the developing countries and therefore leaves one with the question, whether the wars can be seen as a consequence of poverty or is poverty the consequence of war? To my opinion, war is not a solution to confli ct looking at the aftermath of the war, the vulnerabilities of the women and children, the political and economic imbalance of the states. In this light, the international community should seek ways of avoiding the outbreak of such wars especially in the developing countries. In this paper, I will analyzed the outbreak of one of the conflict in Africa which could have escalated to a full scale military conflict between two countries, had it not been settled in a unique showcase of conflict management by the UN. The conflict in question is the Cameroon vs. Nigeria claim of sovereignty over the potentially oil rich Bakassi peninsula, which almost trigger to an interstates war and sends fear and uncertainty across the two nations. B. G. Ramcharan describes the role played by the former UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan in maintaining peace between the Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria and in settling the dispute over the Bakassi peninsula, another fascinating story of conflict prevention at work in practice. The signing of the Green Tree Agreement by both countries enabled both countries to adhere to the ruling passed by the International Court of Justice (ICJ), officially put to an end to the Nigeria occupation of the peninsula and fin ally led to the peaceful handover of the occupied areas by the Nigeria military to Cameroon. President Obasanjo Olusegun of Nigeria clearly described the way the conflict was handled in the following words: Our agreement today is a great achievement of conflict prevention, which practically reflects its cost-effectiveness when compared to the alternative of conflict resolution its significance, therefore, goes much beyond Nigeria and Cameroon. It should represent a model for the resolution of similar conflicts in Africa, and I dare say, to the world at large. For most conflicts especially in Africa, has been as a result of natural resources and the politics play by the international community for their own interest which more often has fuel the violent conflicts. I will seek to analyze in this paper the historical background of the contested area leading to the outbreak of hostilities. It will be follow suit with the underlying causes of the conflicts in part 4 and part five will shed more lights on how the conflict was resolved at the level of the ICJ and managed at the UN following the implementation of the famous Green-Tree Accord signed by both countries. While part six will emphasize on the conclusion with the way forward of ensuring that both countries respect the terms of the green-Tree Agreement and the unique showcase of conflict management and resolution achieved. 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Bakassi peninsula is an island located along the eastern end of the Gulf of Guinea between latitudes 8 °20 and 9 °08E. The area is greatly made up of a low-lying, mangrove and swampy area with a population of approximately 150,000 to 300,000 inhabitants, as of 2005. The island is highly inhabited with the indigenous people of the Efik tribe, which they claimed to belong to the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The peninsula is a veritable ground for fishing activities and other maritime wildlife activities, for the simple fact that two great ocean currents meet here that is the cold Benguela Current and the warm Guinea Current, has really made it possible for fishing activities to be the livelihood of the inhabitants. The historical background of the peninsula goes back to the colonial period after the arrival of the European colonial master to Nigeria in the middle of the 19th Century, the King of the Old Calabar kingdom entered into a treaty of Protection with the Queen of England on September 10, 1884. The territory covering this region was at this time under the control of the King of the Old Calabar Kingdom. So in signing this treaty, it means he has officially ceded the territory to the British as a protectorate. In this respect, Britain was free to carry out any activity and equally exercised whatever she deems fit in the territory. The claim of sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula is one of the numerous conflicts in Africa concerning border disputes. This however, should be in some extent put on the shoulders of the former colonial masters who partitioned Africa without taking into considerations of the ethnic groupings, geography and demography of the area, history, language and socio-cultural affiliations of the people. This has really hampered the integrity and sovereignty of most countries in Africa, as most often people from the same ethnic grouping happen to found themselves on two different colonial territories and governed by different colonial powers. The historical background of the Bakassi peninsula can be traced back during the era of colonialism. The Germans were the first colonial master to colonized Cameroon not until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, which saw the defeat of the Germans by the French and English in Cameroon. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the European powers having colonial territories were largely interested in securing their interests instead of the colonial people they claimed they were civilizing. A country like Germany were only interested in securing for itself the vast territorial waters in order to keep the huge amount of shrimps and other maritime wildlife found in this water for herself. In order to avoid conflict of interest amongst the colonial powers, Germany enter into an agreement with the British who were at this time the colonial master of Nigeria, limiting Britains expansion to the east, while Britain on the other hand required an undisturbed and free sea passage to Calabar, which was an important commercial seaport in eastern Nigeria. This agreement was later code name the Anglo German Agreement of 1913, which clearly defined the exact demarcation of the borders between Cameroon and Nigeria. The first part of the treaty entitled: The Settlement of the Frontier between Cameroon and Nigeria, from Yola to the Sea, clearly situate the territory of Bakassi under the jurisdiction of the Germans. The second part entitled: The Regulation of Navigation on the Cross River, placed the navigable portion of the offshore border of the Bakassi peninsula to Britain. Article 21 of the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913, which stipulates the exact position of the border: From the centre of the navigable channel on a line joining Bakassi Point and King Point, the boundary shall follow the centre of the navigable channel of the Akwayafe River as far as the 3-mile limit of territorial jurisdiction. For the purpose of defining this boundary, the navigable channel of the Akwayafe River shall be considered to lie wholly to the east of the navigable channel of the Cross and Calabar Rivers. This however, proves that from 1913, after the signing of the Anglo-German Treaty and onwards, British and German maps clearly show the Bakassi peninsula in Cameroon. Following the dramatic twist of event which saw the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the French and the English decided to extend the war in German colonial territories in Africa, aimed at fighting the Germans in their African colonial territories. At the end of the war, Germany lost all her colonies in Africa including Cameroon to the allied powers. Cameroon was ruled as a mandated territory under the League of Nations and later partitioned in 1919, into two territories among the British and French. The French took 4/5 of the territory called French Cameroons and the British get 1/5 of the territory called British Cameroons. The Franco-British Agreement of July 1919, placed the territory of Bakassi and the rest of British Cameroons under the mandate of Britain. The British introduced the system of indirect rule in their territory of British Cameroons as an integral part of Nigeria with respect to the borders agreements laid down in 1913. In 1931, a further agreement between both powers was signed to further codify the treaty of 1919. The two Cameroons that is French and English Cameroons were ruled as a mandated territory by France and Britain till the outbreak of the Second World War. With the collapse of the League of Nations and the subsequent end of the Second World War, the mandated territories of the British Cameroons and French Cameroons were placed under the United Nations Organization which succeeded the League of Nations as Trust Territories. Worthy of note here is that the agreement creating these Trusteeship territories re-ratified the Anglo-German treaties of 1913 demarcating the borders between Cameroon and Nigeria. Again maps produced during this period placed Bakassi under the sovereignty of Cameroon. It should be noted here, that the British Cameroons was divided into two parts namely British Northern and British Southern Cameroons respectively, with Bakassi falling under the competence of Britain Southern Cameroons. In the advent for the fight for independence in the late 1950s across Africa, tensions have grown in the territory of British Cameroons. In the light of this growing tensions for independence, the United Nations requested Britain to carry out a plebiscite in the territories under her jurisdiction. British Northern Cameroon and British Southern Cameroon were to exercise their rights and willingness as to which country they would like to join and become independent. A plebiscite was held in British Northern Cameroons as Do you wish to attained independence by joining the Federal Republic of Nigeria or by joining the Republic of Cameroon. The outcome of the result of the plebiscite was that British Northern Cameroons voted to achieve independence by joining the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The events of the political parties and their divided opinions made the plebiscite to be postponed in British Southern Cameroons. It was only on February 11th, 1961, that British Southern Cameroons voted to join the already independent Republic of Cameroon (former French Cameroons). It should also be noted here that at the point of independence, Bakassi was a territory under the jurisdiction of Cameroon. This can be seen from the fact that Bakassi itself has 21 polling stations and 73% of the population voted to become independent by joining the Republic of Cameroon. So there is no gainsaying that Bakassi was and remain a territory in Cameroon. The Bakassi peninsula is an area that was of no interest to the two nations, as the territory has been long forgotten and was not an issue looking back at the afore-mentioned paragraphs. It became a centre point of focus after the alleged discovery of oil by some foreign experts. As a result of the suspicion that Bakassi have a huge oil reserve, Nigeria was the first to claim sovereignty of the peninsula and immediately deploy her military in the territory to mark her presence and ownership. This dramatic twist of event gave way for the look back of the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913, which clearly defines and demarcates the maritime borders of the two countries and which both countries accepted it. In the wake of this post independent period, both countries sought way of regulating the colonial agreements of 1913, signed by the colonial powers. Leaders of both countries exchanges visits as can be seen in April 1971, the Nigeria Head of State, General Gowon accompanied with his collabor ators visited Cameroon and meet with his Cameroonian counterpart Amadou Ahidjo, in the capital city Yaoundà ©, to discuss the issue. The outcome of this meeting was the signing of the Coker-Ngo Line delimiting the navigable portion offshore border of the two countries, thereby reaffirming the 1913 agreement. Both Heads of States were very satisfied with the outcome of the meeting not only after General Gowon of Nigeria, hearing the advices from his advisers, reverse the decision arrived at the meeting. This trigger a second meeting as General Gowon again paid a second visit to the President Ahidjo of Cameroon at Maroua city in July 1975, in order to correct the wrongs of the Coker-Ngo Line referred in the 1913 agreement. Worthy of note here is that at this point in time, the sovereignty of Bakassi was not the issue, as the meetings were out to understand the colonial borders. Gowon was overthrown shortly after his visit to Cameroon in a military coup in July 1975, General Murtala Muhammed was the new Head of State of Nigeria and he was very strategic. In order to have the support of the Nigeria bulk population, he convinced them to believe that General Gowon has given Bakassi to Cameroon as a compensation for the assistance Cameroon played in the Nigeria Civil War. He goes further to reject the authenticity of the 1971 and 1975 agreements between Gowon and Ahidjo that it has not be ratified by the military council. He too was killed in a military coup just a year after and was replaced by General Olusegun Obasanjo. What a coincidence here that President Obasanjo was Nigeria Head of state during this period and he still re-emerges again as president when hostilities break out between the two countries and help to brokered peace by ensuring that Nigeria police and soldiers withdraw from the territory in accordance with the Green-Tree Agreement of 2006. 3. THE EMERGENCE OF HOSTILITIES As earlier discuss above, the obvious reasons for most violent conflict have been natural resources conflict, territorial and ethnicity, and political and economic. The case of the Bakassi conflict was as a result of the colonial legacy left behind by the colonial powers without taking consideration of the indigenous population. As also said above the Bakassi peninsula came into the lime line after the alleged discovery of huge volume of oil reserves by some Chinese experts. Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1600km long border running from Lake Chad in the north down to Bakassi in the south and a maritime boundary meandering into the Gulf of Guinea. It is worth noted here that with all the different borders that Cameroon share with Nigeria, it is only the Bakassi peninsula which has spark tension. This can be seen as a result of the oil discovery in that area and the water which was a veritable ground for fishing. During the 70s, minor tensions have been building up in the claim of ownership of the territory. Clashes took place where some human lives were lost and on May 16, 1981, the first major form of direct violence occur when the Cameroon National Radio announced that three Nigeria patrol boats have violated and entered the Cameroonian territorial waters in Bakassi up to Rio del Rey, and open fire on the Cameroonian army. This act was widely condemned in Cameroon and in retaliation; five Nigerian soldiers were killed by the Cameroonian soldiers. This incident brought a lot of suspicion between the two countries as both countries were accusing the other for causing the incident. While Cameroon on their part accused Nigeria that they were exploiting the matter politically by blaming Cameroon for the incident, Nigeria on their part, insisted that the incident took place along the Akwayafe River. The Nigeria claimed that the incident took place at the Akwayafe River means that they have not a cknowledge the maritime border set down at the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913, thus a gross violation. So Cameroon immediately apologizes for the deaths of those five soldiers and promised to pay reparations. This matter was resolved diplomatically and put to rest. But it has triggered the question of sovereignty over the territory. Things take a dramatic turn in the advent of multi party politics in Cameroon in the 1990s. Anglophone Cameroonians started feeling of been marginalized and under-developed. They started asking for their own autonomy and possible Bakassi been a territory under the English speaking part of Cameroon was a big concern to the government of Cameroon. So there was need to consolidate the entire sovereignty of the territory under Cameroon administration. In order to fight this Anglophone antagonism in Cameroon, the government became so hard on the Anglophones especially the Nigerians who have been living in the Anglophone communities for decades doing businesses. Through intimidation and high taxes, many Nigeria traders were forced to leave Cameroon. But the most deliberate incident that fully lead to the occupation of the territory and sends fear of an impending military conflict between the two countries occur in February 1994. At this point in time, Nigeria had deployed 1000 soldiers to Bakassi on the pretext that they were out to protect the Nigerian Traders and fishermen against the continuous Cameroonian Gendarmerie harassment. The deployment of Nigerian troops was not welcome by Cameroon and it eventually break out to an open fire from both sides. It led to many casualties and deaths on civilian population and soldiers from both countries. Cameroon has lost closed to 40 soldiers and many of its soldiers have been taken as pris oners of war by Nigeria. It was this bloody incident that prompted Cameroon to seize the ICJ for adjudication. A complaint was filed on March 29, 1994 to the ICJ. Whether due to a sense of premonition of defeat or due to the fact that many Nigerians were aware of the Bakassi lie, the Nigeria government criticizes the government of Cameroon for taking the matter to the UN. The pointed out that they would have prefer the matter be settled through a bilateral negotiations. They go as far as challenging the competence of the ICJ for lack of jurisdiction in handling the matter. While the matter was pending at the ICJ, fighting was still going on between the two countries. The Nigerian government again deploys another 1000 troops in February 1996. This last deployment of soldiers was the last major incident that shows sign of an impending full scale military war. The Nigerian soldiers invaded and occupied the territory of Bakassi despite the fact that the case was pending at the ICJ. Record holds it that by May 1996, more than 50 Nigerian soldiers had lost their lives and several others taken as prisoners of war according to diplomatic sources. One of the most leading African magazines, The Jeune Afrique has analyzed the situation by saying that the prerequisite for a major military conflict were all present in the case of Bakassi. It went further to analyze the strategic economic importance of the territory to both countries and as a pivotal factor for the cause of the conflict. As tensions continued to grow on the ground with the military presence of both countries in the territory, the government of Cameroon called on the ICJ to institute measures to halt down the fighting. The ICJ immediately asked both countries to stop the fighting while waiting for the final ruling on the matter. But that notwithstanding, both countries still maintain the presence of their military believing that it might work in their favor for the rightful owner of the territory. 4. THE CAUSES OF THE CONFLICT The claim of sovereignty over the peninsula between the Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria is one the several violent conflicts that have plagued Africa for a very longtime as I mentioned in the preceding chapters. It was one of an interstate state war that could have escalated to a full blown war if not of the high sense of responsibilities on the parts of the UN on one hand and the countries concern on the other hand. The causes of the conflict are discussed below. 4.1. Economic factors It is evident that economic factors might have stemmed up the conflict over the ownership of the territory. If we go back to the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913, we can see that both countries were more or less not interested in the area. Nigeria under British rule have surrender the area to the Germans who were at that time ruling Cameroon. British Nigeria ceded this territory to the German in 1913, and even after independence, Nigeria still did not made any claim to the territory. Cameroon on her part, knew and sees the peninsula as its territory but failed to carry out any development in the area. The government of Cameroon did not put up any administrative structure in the area to indicate that the rule the place. They equally left the place at the mercy of the dominant Nigeria indigenous population to carry out their trading and fishing activities along the peninsula with little or no control except the arbitrary tax collection from the people by the authorities of Cameroon. This point is to bring out the picture of the peninsula at that time, but things take a dramatic turn when during the late 70s and 80s, there was an alleged discovery of huge volume of oil reserves around the Rio del Rey area of the peninsula. A good number of foreign multi-national companies have carried out surveys in the peninsula and came out with the reports that the territory may indeed be a treasure of immeasurable economic value. The discovery of oil reserves was not the only determinant economic factor that almost plunged both countries to a war. The fact that Bakassi peninsula is situated between two great oceans i.e. the cold Benguela current and the warm Guinea current, makes it a veritable ground for fishing. It also harbors a wide variety of fishes and other maritime wildlife creatures. According to the internet encyclopedia, the Wikipedia, the fertility of the Bakassi peninsula as a fishing ground is comparable only to Newfoundland in North America and Scandinavia in Western Europe. It was as a result of these economic benefits i.e. the prospect of potential oil reserves and securing the fishing rights, that the Germans were so desperate on keeping the peninsula to themselves during the 1913 agreement. It would not be a gainsaying that economic factors attracted the attention of both countries to claim sovereignty of the peninsula, judging from the discovery of oil reserves and the sale of fishing rights. 4.2. Political reasons The Cameroon and Nigeria claim of sovereignty over Bakassi also has a political manoveuvres, i.e. political reasons also contributed to the conflict. It is believed that the political leaders of both countries wanted to use Bakassi as a means to divert public opinion from their respective home countries. This is evident of the fact that there was growing unpopularity of the leaders of both countries. They wanted to shift the public attention to Bakassi so that their citizens will forget about their worries at home when engaged in a full scale war. Both governments have failed to address the economic problems, unemployment, bad governance, bribery and corruption, lack of social services and the bad Human Rights records they hold. Cameroon under President Amadou Ahidjos human rights records was not a good one as he was notorious for the violation of human rights during his time as president. Examples of his bad Human Rights violation is the killing of more than 25,000 people during the UPC revolt in the 1960s as reported by Albert Mukong and Mongo Beti. Then came President Paul Biya who succeeded Ahidjo in 1982 and is still on seat. Under Biya, the economy has faced a severe economic crisis in the mid 80s that saw the currency been devalued. The salaries of normal civil servants was reduced to about 70% while those of the army was increase, and that is why the army is so loyal to the president and do not plan to overthrown him in a coup. On the part of Nigeria, the situation was not too different from Cameroon, but the prominent problem that Nigeria was undergoing before the return to civilian rule was the successive military coups that has seen their governments from time to time been toppled. In fact, Nigeria holds worlds record for the highest number of military coups and counter coup attempts. These coups have led to the deaths of thousands of civilians and soldiers. Looking at her human rights records, nearly all the successive governments have had a very bad human rights record. They are noted for killing their political opponents, an example is the assassination of the minority leader Ken Saro Wiwa and nine others in November 1995. The unreasonable imprisonment of acclaimed winner of the presidential election of 1992 Moshood Abiola and the events leading to his death while in prison still remain a fact to be told. Even the brutal murder of Abiolas wife made the government unpopular. It very evident from the above mentioned paragraphs that both Cameroon and Nigeria had nothing to ride home with because the governments of both countries were facing internal and severe ethnic nationalism and economic fallout. They believe that diverting the peoples mind into an external crisis will work in their favors. They made their citizens to believe that Bakassi was worth fighting for i.e. to defend their fatherland. 4.3. National and human securities Security issues have been very vital and play an important role in the peninsula, as such were one of the causes of the claim of sovereignty over Bakassi. This is true to the fact that during 1884, the Chief of Old Calabar signed a Treaty of Protection ceding the territory (Bakassi) to the Britain. Britain thereafter ceded the territory during the 1913 Treaty to German Kamerun in order to secure a safe passage to the port of Calabar and also reassuring the Germans that she will not made any further advancements to the east. Security in the wider sense could so also be seen in the domain of national security and human security. The former been the security of the states sovereignty and the latter been the security of the citizens. So in this light, both countries were fast to advance security reasons for the military occupation of the peninsula. Nigeria lay claims that she invaded Bakassi to protect her citizens who were doing business and carry out fishing activities in the area against the continuous harassment from the Cameroonian forces, while Cameroon on her part, claimed that the obvious reason was to protect the territorial integrity of the state as she claims Nigeria has violated its sovereignty and posed a threat to her national security. 4.4. Natural resources Natural resources have been the cause of several violent conflicts in the developing countries. The question is can natural resources be seen as a curse or a blessing. This is a territory which was out of the discussion tables of both country, but soon became a bone of contention to the countries immediately after the discovery of oil reserves or black gold as is commonly refer to in Africa. Many oppressive regimes will want to be in full control of the natural resources. For the fact that another border region which is the Lake Chad between Cameroon and Nigeria is gradually disappearing because of over used by the neighboring countries such as Cameroon, Nigeria, DR Congo, Tchad and Equatorial Guinea. With the assurance that the Bakassi peninsula is blessed with natural resources such as oil and fishes, both countries divert their attention there claiming sovereignty. 4.5. Territorial integrity The territorial integrity of the peninsula also plays a very important role for both countries as they believed it was the responsibility of the state to protect the sovereignty of its territory against any form of external threat from its neighbors. So we can see here that the Bakassi conflict was an interstates military conflict aim at protecting the sovereignty of the territory as both countries claimed. The government of Cameroon was more than ever ready to defend and protect the sovereignty of the Bakassi people against an impending military occupation from Nigeria. None of the two countries was ready to let go off the territory, as Nigeria on her part, was sending a warning threat that they are very much ready to protect Nigeria citizens leaving in the area from arbitrarily harassment from the Cameroon Gendarmes and as such protecting the sovereignty of the territory. 4.6. Socio-cultural aspects The territory under question was largely inhabited by the Efik indigenous people who see themselves as belonging to the Federal Republic of Nigeria. They made up about 90% of the population and would not understand why they should be forced to be governed by Cameroon in case the ruling of the Hague was in favor of Cameroon. This is a territory that has been long forgotten by the government of Cameroon with no social structure put in place to make it look like a Cameroon territory. Nigeria on their part has built some few schools in the area and putting up some structures to give life to her citizens leaving in the area. Nigeria used her large population advantage to claim sovereignty of the territory, though the government of Cameroon accuses the Nigeria government that they took advantage of their large home population and thereby transfer so many Nigerians to live in the Bakassi peninsula, so that it will give them an upper hand in claiming sovereignty of the territory. It can also be justified here that the bulk of the Bakassi population who claimed to be of Nigeria origin, were not willing to lose their territory to Cameroon and so urges the Nigeria government to go to war if it needs arise. Culturally speaking, we can also see that the colonial demarcations of the borders done a great deal to the people, as we can find the Efik people on the side of Nigeria speaking the same language with the Akwaya people in Cameroon. These two tribes have the same cultures, traditional rites and traditional attires during festivities. It cannot be deny here that peoples of the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon have similar cultures with the peoples of Benue, Akwa Ibom, Cross River and Taraba states of Nigeria. So it is obvious that Nigeria based her claim of sovereignty over the territory was as a result of their large population in the area. 5. HOW THE CONFLICT WAS RESOLVED AND MANAGED When Nigerian troops violated the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913, by invading the territory of Rio del Rey in May 16, 1961, they claimed five of their soldiers were killed by the Cameroon soldiers. So in respond, the Shehu Shagari the president of Nigeria made it clear that the Nigerian soldiers were not on the Rio del Rey territory but on the Akwayafe territory and as such demanded an apology from Cameroon for the death soldiers. It can be seen here that both countries resorted to diplomatic means to queue down the growing tensions and somehow the conflict was managed. The government of Cameroon made an official apology on July 1981, and promised to pay reparations to Nigeria. This brought the misunderstanding to an end. But worth noting here, is the fact that Nigeria claimed their soldiers were on the Akwayafe river but not on the Rio del Rey river, meaning they indirectly acknowledged and accept the colonial maritime borders delineated by the 1913 Treaty. This sought of management and resolution of